Formación de los estudiantes de Medicina Integral Comunitaria durante el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en colaboración entre profesionales cubanos y venezolanos involucrados en la dirección del proceso de formación de la carrera Medicina Integral Comunitaria en la Universidad de Ciencias de la Salud Hugo Rafael Chávez, con el propósito de valorar el impacto de la actividad comunitaria en la formación de los estudiantes de Medicina Integral Comunitaria en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 en el Estado Falcón, en el período de febrero a septiembre de 2020. El universo lo representa 508 estudiantes de la carrera y la muestra estuvo conformada por 244 que se incorporaron en las actividades comunitaria en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19. Se utilizó la observación participativa e informes diarios de actividad de pesquisa, la revisión documental, encuesta y técnicas de estadística descriptiva. Se emplearon medidas resúmenes como media, porcentaje que permitieron la búsqueda y procesamiento de la información. Los principales resultados fueron la transformación del personal pedagógico en los diferentes niveles de dirección y la organización del sistema de influencia en los estudiantes, la introducción de un nuevo estilo de trabajo en función de elevar la calidad del proceso docente educativo a partir de la educación a distancia, la integración de los estudiantes a las actividades comunitarias en la contingencia y su impacto en la formación integral de los futuros profesionales de la salud, así como la solución de los problemas de salud de las comunidades del territorio.

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in collaboration between Cuban and Venezuelan professionals involved in the direction of the training process of the Comprehensive Community Medicine career at the Hugo Rafael Chávez University of Health Sciences, with the purpose of assessing the impact of the community activity in the comprehensive training of Comprehensive Community Medicine students in the confrontation with COVID-19 in Falcón State, from February to September 2020. The universe is represented by 508 students from the Comprehensive Community Medicine career and The sample consisted of 244 students who joined community activities in the fight against COVID-19. Participatory observation and daily reports of research activity, documentary review, survey and descriptive statistical techniques were used using summary measures such as average, percentage, which allowed the search remains and information processing, the main results obtained were the transformation of the pedagogical personnel at the different levels of management and the organization of the system of influence on the students, the introduction of a new style of work in order to raise the quality of the process educational teacher from distance education, the integration of students into community activities in the contingency and its impact on the comprehensive training of future health professionals and the solution of health problems in the communities of the territory.

La cultura en el escenario docente para la formación interdisciplinar, integral y culta de los profesionales de la salud

Introducción: El mundo actual necesita de un profesional altamente competente, con una sólida cultura humanista y una clara comprensión de los procesos culturales enmarcados en su contexto histórico, que les permita apropiarse del conocimiento y transformarse de conjunto con la sociedad. Esto se vincula con la teoría de la educación avanzada, que se articula en los fundamentos de la cultura. Objetivo: Sistematizar la importancia de la integración de las ciencias en los procesos sustantivos del escenario docente para la formación integral y culta de los profesionales cubanos. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos originales y de revisión en SciELO, Redalyc, Medigraphic y Medline, publicados entre el 2015 y el 2019. La estrategia de búsqueda se basó en las palabras clave cultura; interdisciplinariedad; integralidad en el profesional de la salud, identificadas en DeCS. El análisis, la síntesis y la sistematización del contenido, permitió interpretar los referentes teóricos para la organización del conocimiento. Se seleccionaron en la investigación 30 fuentes bibliográficas. Resultados: Los resultados evidenciaron la necesidad de la universidad cubana actual del enfoque interdisciplinario como parte del proceso pedagógico y formativo. Conclusiones: La integración de la historia, el arte y la medicina en el proceso formativo de las especialidades involucradas en las ciencias médicas contribuye a la formación de un profesional de la salud más integral y culto.

Introduction: Today's world needs a highly competent professional, with a solid humanistic culture and a clear understanding of cultural processes according to their historical context, which allows them to appropriate knowledge and transform themselves as a whole within society. This is linked to the theory of advanced education, which is articulated in the foundations of culture. Objective: To systematize the importance of the integration of sciences in the intrinsic processes of the teaching scenario for the comprehensive and cultured formation of Cuban professionals. Methods: A search for original and review articles was conducted in SciELO, Redalyc, Medigraphic and Medline, published between 2015 and 2019. The search strategy was based on the keywords culture; interdisciplinarity; comprehensiveness in the health professional. The analysis, synthesis and systematization of the content, allowed the interpretation of the theoretical references for the organization of knowledge. Thirty bibliographic sources were selected for the research. Results: The results evidenced the need of the current Cuban university to implement an interdisciplinary approach as part of the pedagogical and formative process. Conclusions: The integration of history, art and medicine in the formative process of the specialties involved in medical sciences contributes to the formation of a more comprehensive and cultured health professional.

La docencia médica en Santiago de Cuba a 60 años de su fundación / Medical teaching in Santiago de Cuba after 60 years of its foundation

La formación integral de los profesionales con elevada preparación científico-técnica y humanística ha sido el principal objetivo de los centros de educación médica en Cuba. La Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba ha trabajado para cumplir con este propósito a lo largo de todos estos años en correspondencia con el mo delo del profesional que precisa nuestra sociedad, donde la dimensión socio-humanista, la formación cultural y de valores constituyen pilares en este proceso formativo. La presente propuesta tiene el propósito de dirigir la mirada a diferentes aristas relacionadas con este tema a los 60 años de fundada la docencia médica en Santiago de Cuba.

The comprehensive training of professionals with a high scientific, technical and humanistic level has been the main objective of the medical education institutions in Cuba. The Medical University in Santiago de Cuba has been working to fulfil this purpose through all these years according to the professional model necessary for our society in which the social and humanistic feature, the cultural and values training are the key stone in this process. This proposal has the aim of taking a glance towards different topics related to this event, after 60 years of the medical teaching in Santiago de Cuba.

Cultura de la profesión: su operacionalización en la universidad médica cubana

RESUMEN Introducción: la cultura de la profesión resulta un concepto complejo e imprescindible en el contexto actual, debido a la prioridad que le concede el Estado y el Gobierno cubanos a la formación integral como elemento esencial de la calidad académica que exige la educación superior. Objetivo: conceptualizar la cultura de la profesión y su operacionalización en la educación médica superior cubana contemporánea. Materiales y métodos: se realizó el análisis de contenido de un conjunto de documentos programáticos y normativos esenciales a diferentes niveles; se hizo una revisión bibliográfica de los principales autores que han abordado el tema, y se contrastaron los principales presupuestos teórico-conceptuales y prácticos, a través de la triangulación. Resultados: se evidenció la carencia de un cuerpo teórico-conceptual de la cultura de la profesión, y la necesidad e importancia de este en la formación integral, valores profesionales e identitarios que prioriza la educación superior cubana, en particular en la educación médica superior. Conclusiones: la cultura de la profesión es parte esencial del modelo de formación del profesional cubano, y constituye un elemento de su memoria histórica. Por ello adquiere relevancia en la formación de valores profesionales identitarios, especialmente en el profesional de la salud, y debe consolidarse en los documentos normativos desde lo teórico-conceptual y operacional, a partir de proyectos integradores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: professional culture is a complex and essential concept in the current context, due to the priority granted by Cuban state and government to the comprehensive training as essential element of the academic quality higher education exacts. Objective: to conceptualize professional culture and its operationalization in present-day Cuban higher medical education. Materials and methods: the authors performed the content analysis of a group of essential programmatic and normative documents at different levels, carried out a bibliographic review of the main authors that approached the theme, and contrasted the main theoretic-conceptual and practical presuppositions by triangulation. Results: it was evidenced the lack of a theoretic-conceptual body on professional culture, and its necessity and importance in the comprehensive training and formation of professional and identity values prioritized by Cuban higher education, mainly by higher medical education. Conclusions: professional culture is an essential part of the training of the Cuban professional, and is an element of its historic memory. Because of that it is relevant in the training of identity professional values, especially in health professionals, and it should be consolidated in the normative documents from the theoretic-conceptual and operational point of view, through comprehensive projects.

Compliance and curative effect and their correlation of comprehensive vision training in patients with amblyopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To analyze the compliance and curative effect of comprehensive vision training in patients with amblyopia. METHODS:A prospective study was conducted among 200 patients(294 eyes)with amblyopia who were treated in the hospital from July 2018 to August 2019. The patients were divided into a control group(98 patients, 140 eyes, traditional comprehensive vision training)and an experimental group(102 patients, 154 eyes, intelligent multi-dimensional comprehensive vision training)according to the random number table method. Curative effect, compliance, and the correlation between the two groups were observed.RESULTS:The overall response rate and compliance rate in the experimental group(93.5%, 45.1%)were higher than those in the control group(80.0%, 35.7%, all P<0.05). The curative effect was different in patients of different age, with different types and severity of amblyopia, different nature of fixation, and different compliance(all P<0.001). Age and the severity of amblyopia were negatively correlated with the curative effect(r=-0.342, -0.459, P<0.001), while compliance was positively correlated with the curative effect(r=0.378, P<0.001). Patients aged 3-6 had significantly better compliance, followed by those aged 7-10(P<0.05). Age was negatively correlated with treatment compliance(r=-0.398, P<0.001).CONCLUSION:Intelligent multi-dimensional comprehensive vision training can improve the compliance of patients with amblyopia, thereby achieving better curative effect. The curative effect is closely related to age, the type and severity of amblyopia, the nature of fixation and compliance. Compliance is related to age. Clinically, early treatment should be conducted bases on these features.

Analysis of current ophthalmic microsurgery training system and exploration of hierarchical comprehensive training system / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In view of the problems and shortcomings of the domestic ophthalmic microsurgery training system, drawing lessons from the training programs of famous ophthalmic centers abroad, our hospital has explored a set of hierarchical comprehensive training system for ophthalmic microsurgery. Through the four levels-eight scales microsurgery training, the hierarchical comprehensive training system organically integrates the multimedia theoretical teaching, the microscopic practice of Wet-Lab laboratory, microscopic training of surgical simulator and the clinical practice to achieve a better teaching effect in clinical practice, being widely praised by teachers and students.

El pensamiento ético de José Martí en la formación del médico cubano / The ethical thought of José Marti in the training of the Cuban physician

RESUMEN El pensamiento ético de José Martí juega un papel fundamental en la formación integral de las nuevas generaciones de profesionales de la salud. Este trabajo analiza varias ideas martianas acerca del humanismo, la solidaridad y la moral, a la luz de las actuales necesidades de la formación de estos profesionales en Cuba. La aplicación creadora de su pensamiento humanista en las nuevas circunstancias históricas demanda un mayor esfuerzo por parte de los educadores (AU).

ABSTRACT The ethical thought of José Marti plays an important role in the professional training of the new generations of health professionals. This work analyses several Jose Marti's ideas on humanism, solidarity and moral values, in the light of the current necessities of these professionals´ training in Cuba. The creative application of his humanist thought in the new historical circumstances demands a greater effort of the educators (AU).

The construction and implementation of the modular teaching for nursing students based on WeChat in the comprehensive training before the practice / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the effect of the modular teaching for nursing students based on WeChat in the comprehensive training before the practice.Methods The undergraduate students of nursing were randomly divided into 5 classes,among which class 1,2,3 as the control group,and class 4,5 as the experimental group.The control group used the traditional ‘Case Teaching Method',taking the group as a unit to practice the clinical nursing skills individually;while the experimental group took the method which integrated individual nursing skills and practical materials with humanistic qualities in clinical cases.They conducted practical training by dividing the learning module with the ‘representative patients',using WeChat as the learning and exchange platform andbuilding modular training model.After the training,the results were evaluated by the score sheet for integrated skills,a critical-thinking scale and the learning model questionnaire.The data was analyzed by T-Test and Chi-Square inspection.Results All of the nursing students were willing to use WeChat for autonomous learning.The scores of the nursing students in the experimental group were higher than those in control group in the abilities of judgement,communication,operation and introspection.The difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).In addition to the cognitive maturity,the scores of experimental group were higher than those in control group in the searching for truth,opening mind,abilities of analysis and integration and self-confidence in critical thinking and desire for knowledge,The difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05);Also the proportion of experimental group was higher than the control group in students' attitude to study,knowledge acquisition and practical training mode.The difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion The implementation of nodular teaching mode based on WeChat is beneficial to improve the clinical comprehensive ability of nursing students,and help to train the high quality nursing talents who meet the needs of clinical practice.

Educación para la Salud desde el curriculum electivo como experiencia de formación integral de estudiantes universitarios / Education for health from an elective curriculum: experience of comprehensive formation of university students

Introducción: la universidad contemporánea juega un rol fundamental en la preparación del ser humano como ente activo de la sociedad, por lo que la formación de los futuros profesionales, debe tender, no solo a una sólida formación académica, sino también a favorecer el compromiso con la realidad social. Objetivo: socializar la experiencia de implementación de tres asignaturas electivas de promoción de salud y la contribución de estas a la formación integral del estudiante universitario. Métodos: se desarrolló una investigación descriptiva longitudinal de carácter prospectivo con la utilización de métodos teóricos y empíricos. Para evaluar el desarrollo de las asignaturas electivas se diseñó una investigación-acción-participativa. Resultados: se diseñó una estrategia pedagógica de integración de los procesos sustantivos universitarios, a través de la cual se diseñaron y ejecutaron tres asignaturas electivas impartidas durante cuatro cursos académicos en la Facultad de Biología y la Facultad de Geografía de la Universidad de La Habana a 233 estudiantes, el 70 por ciento de los cuales, como mínimo, calificó a las asignaturas con elementos positivos. Conclusiones: la experiencia de integración de los procesos sustantivos universitarios a través de acciones docentes de promoción de salud, constituye un espacio valioso que favorece el acercamiento de la universidad a los problemas sociales, realizando un aporte a la comunidad, asumiendo al mismo tiempo, un compromiso social, aspecto esencial del modelo del formación de cualquier profesional cuya esfera de actuación incluya a la Salud Pública.

Introduction: the contemporary university plays a key role in preparing the human being as active entity of society, so the formation of future professionals should attain not only a strong academic background but also promote the commitment with the social reality. Objective: to socialize the experience of implementing three elective health promotion subjects and their contribution to the comprehensive formation of the university student. Methods: a prospective longitudinal and descriptive study on the use of theoretical and empirical methods. For the evaluation of the development of elective subjects, a participatory action research was designed. Results: there was designed a pedagogic strategy for integrating university substantive processes through which three elective subjects were designed and given to 233 students during four academic courses in the Faculty of Biology and the Faculty of Geography of the University of Havana. At least, seventy percent of these students assessed these subjects with positive elements. Conclusions: The experience of integration of university substantive processes through educational health promotion activities is a valuable space that brings university closer to social problems, thus making a contribution to the community while providing a social commitment which is an essential aspect of any professional training including public health.

Retos para la docencia en medicina aeroespacial en colombia / Challenges in Colombian aerospace medicine teaching / Desafios para o ensino na medicina aeroespacial na Colômbia

La medicina aeroespacial es una especialidad médica de reciente creación de la cual existen pocos programas en el mundo, uno de ellos en Colombia. La incorporación de los egresados de este programa de posgrado al campo laboral aeronáutico no ha sido un proceso fácil, lo cual lleva a revisar si desde la universidad se están generando los profesionales que la sociedad necesita para un campo altamente especializado como el sector aeronáutico. Desde este ensayo se plantea la propuesta de la formación de un profesional integral para la medicina aeroespacial en Colombia y se formulan algunas estrategias que se pueden implementar desde la educación formal en docencia universitaria.

Aerospace medicine is a medical specialty with few programs in the world, one of these carried out in Colombia. The incorporation of these graduates to the aeronautical field has not been an easy process, which leads to review whether the university is producing professionals that society needs for a field as highly specialized as aeronautical industry. This paper presents the proposal of a professional with comprehensive training for aerospace medicine in Colombia and proposes some strategies that can be implemented from formal education in university teaching.

A medicina aeroespacial é uma especialidade médica de recente criação, da qual existem poucos programas no mundo; um destes na Colômbia. A incorporação dos professionais ao campo laboral aeronáutico não tem sido um processo fácil, o qual leva a pesquisar se desde a universidade se estão gerando os professionais que a sociedade precisa em uma área altamente especializada como o setor aeronáutico. O artigo discute a proposta da formação de um profissional integral para a medicina aeroespacial na Colômbia, e sugere algumas estratégias para a implementação desde a educação formal em docência universitária.

Effects of comprehensive training on mild cognitive impairment in patients with stroke / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the comprehensive training effects of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with cerebral apoplexy.Methods Selected 70 cases of cerebral apoplexy patients with MCI were randomly divided into control group(n=35) and intervention group (n=35).The patients in control group maintained the original treatment and nursing,and the comprehensive training was used in intervention group.Before and after the intervention Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA),daily life ability Barthel index (MBI) were used to evaluate the change of MCI patients.Results After training,the score of MBI in the intervention group(55.71±5.08) was significantly higher than that of before training (52.59±5.62) and the control group(53.65±5.78).After training,the score of MoCA in the intervention group(23.37±2.40)was significantly higher than that of before training (21.77±2.53)and the control group(21.73±2.43).Conclusion Comprehensive training can improve cognitive function in patients with cerebral apoplexy,ease the burden on society and the family,and improve the quality of life.

Formación de recursos humanos en el Hospital "Mártires del 9 de Abril", Sagua La Grande / The training of human resources at the "Mártires del 9 de Abril" Hospital in Sagua La Grande

Fundamento: el Hospital “Mártires del 9 de Abril”, de Sagua La Grande, como unidad docente asistencial ha ganado prestigio en el territorio mediante la formación integral de los profesionales. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con el propósito de describir el rol del hospital en la formación de los recursos humanos, para lo cual se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico; empírico, entre ellos el análisis documental: se revisaron libros de registros de matrículas y bases de datos de diferentes departamentos; y del nivel matemático: se confeccionaron tablas y gráficos con valores de frecuencia absoluta y relativa. Resultados: se aprecian resultados positivos en la formación de recursos humanos en el hospital “Mártires del 9 Abril” a partir del desempeño de sus profesionales en esferas docentes e investigativas. Conclusiones: esta institución constituye un espacio importante en el logro de una educación médica de calidad para todos, la elevación de la cultura integral de los futuros profesionales y de la población en general.

Background: the Mártires del 9 de Abril Hospital, in Sagua La Grande, has gained prestige as a teaching-care unit in the territory because of the comprehensive training of its professionals. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in order to describe the role of the hospital in the training of human resources. Theoretical and empirical methods were used, among the latter a documentary analysis: the registration books of the courses and databases from different departments were reviewed. Mathematical methods were also used: tables and graphs were devised showing levels of absolute and relative frequency. Results: positive outcomes on the training of human resources were found at the Mártires del 9 de Abril Hospital, based on the performance of its professionals in the fields of teaching and research. Conclusions: this institution is an important element in achieving quality medical education for all and raising the overall culture of future professionals and the general population.

Particularidades de la educación sexual en Cuba / Peculiarities of sex education in Cuba

Se expone un estudio evolutivo de las particularidades del proceso de la educación de la sexualidad en Cuba desde los puntos de vista pedagógico, psicológico y sociológico, en el cual se utilizó el método histórico-lógico para la determinación de las tendencias históricas. Asimismo, para el análisis se empleó el enfoque teórico-metodológico del proceso de educación de la sexualidad en la crítica social, implementado en el Programa Nacional de Educación Sexual elaborado por el Centro Nacional de Educación Sexual (CENESEX) y se identificaron 4 etapas de su desarrollo, así como las tendencias en sus transformaciones.

A developmental study of peculiarities of the sex education process in Cuba from the pedagogical, psychological and sociological points of view is presented, which used the historical and logical method for determining historical trends. Also, the analysis was performed using the theoretical and methodological approach to the process of sex education in social criticism, implemented in the National Sex Education Program developed by the National Center of Sex Education(CENESEX), and 4 stages of its development were identified, as well as the trends in its transformations.

The construction of comprehensive experiment training in medical nursing with professional competence-oriented / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To construct simulation medical care comprehensive training and cultivate stu-dents'nursing professional competence.Methods By setting medical simulation scenarios,comprehensive training of medical care based on admission,hospitalization,discharge and re-admission process for chronic medical patients was constructed.Self-designed questionnaire was adopted to investigate and evaluate the effect of teaching by systematic sampling from students and teachers in two dimensions.Results Compared with the control group,students'nursing skills,clinical comprehensive thinking,self-learning ability,communication skills and other professional competence of the experimental group were significantly increased.Conclusions Construction and implementation of comprehensive medical care with simulated clin-ical scenarios training and inpatient demand-oriented in vocational nursing students achieves a seamless con-nection on teaching and clinic and the nursing professional ability of students can also be improved.

Cultivating the students' creative ability in clinical Internship of oral medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The dental clinical internship is the critical stage of combining theory and practice and changing the knowledge into ability for medical smdents through clinical practice.It should be based on the characteristics of oral medicine such as integrating the teaching content firstly,promoting the discussion teaching;then carrying the seminar teaching,including three steps,question-making,question-suspecting and question-solving Meanwhile,the training of scientific research and cultivate the innovative ability should be strengthened to cultivate students'creative ability by guiding studetents to refer to data.fill in the proposal of medical students and process an opening report,make medical records discussion and write professional summary and thesis.

Application of comprehensive training based on work process in the teaching of Pediatric Nursing / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of comprehensive training based on work process in the teaching of Pediatric Nursing.Methods A cluster sampling of Class 1,2 enrolled in 2008 were taken as the experimental group,and Class 3,4 enrolled in 2008 were taken as the control group.The comprehensive training method WaS used in the experimental group,and the conventional practice teaching method was used in the control group.The comprehensive skills and the comprehensive ability of clinical nursing were aSsessed after experiment,questionnaires were distributed to the two groups to investigate the stimuhted learning interest of students.Results The experimental group had higher scores in comprehensire skills and comprehensive ability of clinical nursing than the control group.The teaching method of the experimental group had better effect in stimulating students learning interest than that of the control group.Conclusions The comprehensive training method based on work process used in the teaching of and comprehensive quality.

Changes of serum enzyme activities of healthy males under simulated high altitudes / 第三军医大学学报

The changes of the activities of serum CK,LDH,HBKH and AST of 11 soldiers having stayed in simulated 3500m and 4500m were observed.It was found that the activities were significantly increased in the order of CK,LDH and HBDH because of hypoxia but the changes of AST was of no statistical significance.CK/LDH ratio and pulse rate showed similar charges to serum enzymes but the changes of arterial oxygen saturation and working efficiency were the opposite to those of serum enzymes.These findings suggest that serum CK and LDH are the indicators of choice to evaluate human reactions to high altitude.